The NCLAT held that balance sheet entries and acknowledgments can establish financial debt for Section 7 IBC even in the absence of a formal loan agreement.

The NCLAT held that cryptic rejection of a Section 9 IBC application without notice or reasons is impermissible, and reasoned adjudication after hearing is mandatory.

The Supreme Court held that Section 32A IBC overrides PMLA attachment to enable restitution of properties to successful resolution applicants for protecting innocent home buyers, subject to statutory exceptions.

The NCLAT held that partial disbursement and valuation disputes are irrelevant once financial debt and default are proved, and admission of CIRP under Section 7 IBC is justified.

The Calcutta High Court clarified that one-time settlements are matters of commercial discretion and do not create enforceable contractual rights in favour of borrowers unless backed by a statutory or binding scheme.